Introduction:
Reduction has played an important role in organic synthesis. The
term reduction can be defined as: addition of hydrogen to an
unsaturated group such as carbon-carbon double bond, carbonyl group,
aromatic ring; gain of electron; removal of heteroatom. In reduction,
conversion of a functional group in a molecule takes place by which
oxidation number changes from higher to lower oxidation state. The
product obtained in the reduction reaction depends on nature of
substrate; reagent and conditions (pressure and temperature).
Classification:
Reductions
reactions are generally classified as catalytic and chemical methods.
The choice of methods depends on the selectivity and stereochemistry of
the desire product. The reductions methods are mainly classified as:
Hydrogenation method (heterogeneous hydrogenation and homogeneous
hydrogenation), metal-hydride method, electron transfer method,
photo-reduction, bio-reduction method, and reduction by miscellaneous
reducing agents.
Heterogeneous Hydrogenation
Homogeneous Hydrogenation
Metal-Hydride Method
Photo-Reduction
Reduction is a process in which oxidation number of a molecule changes from higher to lower oxidation state.
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